当前中国阶层流动固化趋向与治理路径分析——基于集团分利视角

阶层流动以精英流动为主要实现方式,精英流动受阻意味着阶层固化,阶层固化是集团分利的后果之一,是“机构僵化症”的同义语.中国在市场转型过程中形成了各类精英集团,精英集团的分利行为造成资源的集团式垄断,而阶层流动又以资源占有为前提,精英便趋于集团内或集团间复制,阶层固化趋势加剧.实现公平分利以建立良性精英流动机制、适度硬政权建设以打破分利集团联盟及制度变革与创新以重构利益格局是消除阶层固化的路径选择.     

中国语境下的法律与文学及其元问题透视

受激于西方法律与文学运动的影响使得近年来国内学术界将"法律与文学"研究纳入关注的视野。深厚的文化底蕴、特殊的国情现状使得中国语境下的法律与文学研究具有独特的发展形态和理论特色,也决定了"法律与文学"研究在中国具有与西方"法律与文学"研究截然不同的发展元动力。精英理论的本土化与精英理论的世俗化,是中国语境下法律与文学理论系谱研究的元问题,它牵扯到当今中国语境下对法律与文学的基本认识与理解,同时也反射出中国法律与文学对现代法治向何处去的揭秘与探索。     

中国收入优先增长中的结构优化

在中国进入中等收入国家行列后,实施收入优先增长是避免中等收入陷阱和实现经济可持续发展的一个重要发展战略。这个战略既要从总量增长角度进行考虑,还要从结构优化方面进行分析,即中国的收入优先增长主要是应该通过工资性收入的增加来实现,还是应该通过提高财产性收入或经营性收入来实现。考察典型的高收入国家美国的居民收入结构,其长期运行规律和发展趋势应能对中国从中等收入国家迈向高收入国家提供某些参考和借鉴。从中国居民工资性收入、财产性收入和经营性收入的自身特征和运行规律来看,在中国实施收入优先增长的过程中,大幅度提高工资收入在短期是应该的,但难以作为长期举措。财产性收入增加是收入优先的重要组成部分,但不能放任财产性收入过度膨胀,而经营性收入的提高应该成为中国收入优先战略实施的重要举措。     

Income Comparison as a Determining Mechanism of Class Identification: A Quantitative and Simulation Study Using Japanese Survey Data

This paper questions whether personal income comparison explains the distributive gap between income and class identification by exploring the following two issues: empirical validity of income comparison as the determinant of class identification, and theoretical validity of income comparison for the distributive gap. For the first issue, we conduct a statistical analysis using data from the Social Stratification and Social Mobility surveys (1975–2005), and the Stratification and Social Psychology-I survey (2010). We find that the criteria for choosing reference groups changed historically from residential proximity to occupational equality. In addition, income comparison with sensitive to lower-income possessors and a distorted perception of income difference significantly affected class identification, except for the year of 1985. The simulation analysis employed to examine the second issue clarified that income comparison with the above-mentioned features yields a less skewed distribution compared to that of class identification. The data also indicates that the empirical conditions of income are satisfied for realization of this result. Thus, we could ascertain empirical and theoretical validity of income comparison as explanation for the distributive gap between income and class identification.     

Filling holes in the safety net? Material hardship and subjective well-being among disability benefit applicants and recipients after the 1996 welfare reform

Some of the rapid recent growth in disability income receipt in the United States is attributable to single mothers post-welfare reform. Yet, we know little about how disability benefit receipt affects the economic well-being of single mother families, or how unsuccessful disability applicants fare. We compare disability recipients to unsuccessful applicants and those who never applied among current and former welfare recipients, and examine how application and receipt affect material hardships and subjective measures of well-being. We then examine whether alternative ways of making ends meet mediate differences in well-being. After controlling for alternative sources of support, no significant differences in overall actual hardships or difficulty living on current income remained between the three groups. However, even after controlling for these strategies, unsuccessful applicants were significantly more likely to report that they expected hardships in the next two months. Our results suggest a pervasive level of economic insecurity among unsuccessful applicants.     

Getting payments at Centrelink

This paper presents findings from a small qualitative study of tertiary students who were receiving income support payments from Centrelink. They are some of the millions of Australians receiving income support payments from Centrelink each year. The aim of the study was to explore and illuminate the experience of receiving income support payments. The findings indicate that people who may appear to have no problems accessing Centrelink may nevertheless undertake considerable efforts to receive their payments. These efforts involve practical tasks, intra and interpersonal processes and use of material resources. As many social work clients receive some sort of income support payment, these issues are relevant across social work settings.     

A stochastic version of the malthusian trap model: Consequences for the empirical relationship between economic growth and population growth in LDC's

A stochastic version of the Malthusian trap model relating the growth rate of income per capita to the population growth rate of a given country is described. This model is applied to the a priori evaluation of the cross‐sectional correlation between these two growth rates under two additional assumptions: i) the relations in the model at national levels include country‐specific and time‐invariant random components, and ii) these growth rates are measured with a certain degree of temporal aggregation. It is shown that these two assumptions can explain near‐zero correlations between the two growth rates even if there exist a strongly negative effect of population growth on economic growth. However it is not clear whether these assumptions fully explain such insignificant correlations. Indeed, the implementation of the model is complicated by the structural shifts which are likely to occur in the equations over the course of the demographic transition.     

Low‐Income Mothers’ Private Safety Nets and Children’s Socioemotional Well‐Being

Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐being Study (N = 1,162) and the National Evaluation of Welfare‐to‐Work Strategies (N = 1,308), we estimate associations between material and instrumental support available to low‐income mothers and young children’s socioemotional well‐being. In multivariate OLS models, we find mothers’ available support is negatively associated with children’s behavior problems and positively associated with prosocial behavior in both data sets; associations between available support and children’s internalizing and prosocial behaviors attenuate but remain robust in residualized change models. Overall, results support the hypothesis that the availability of a private safety net is positively associated with children’s socioemotional adjustment.     

我国西部劳动力转移影响因素分析

目前,我国农村正处在社会主义市场经济的建立和向现代化农业的转变时期,由于东西部经济发展不平衡,西部农村劳动力的转移问题成为西部大开发和农民增收不容忽视的难题,同时也是其农村经济发展的突破口,只有顺利转移出农村的劳动力才能缓解人口过多对经济发展造成的压力.因此,探索影响西部地区实际需要的农村劳动力转移影响因素,是现实与发展的需要.     

现代租赁调整折旧:一种灵活的税收安排

在不违背现行法律法规的前提下 ,直接或间接地减少税收缴纳额所作的税收安排对于提高企业的效益具有重要的意义。税收安排在西方国家得到了广泛认同 ,在我国也应具有合理性。企业所得税的交纳额取决于税率、收入总额和法定准予扣除项目金额 ,折旧额是法定准予扣除项目金额的组成部分 ,在假设企业的收入总额和其它准予扣除项目金额已定的情况下 ,税收安排就是调整折旧额。调整折旧额的主要方法是改变折旧主体或折旧额的时间分布 ,现代租赁为此提供了灵活的调整机制。